Foshan International Furniture Expo Mall is located in Foshan, Guangdong Province, which is the biggest international furnishing saloon and hypermarket in Pearl River Delta at present. Four 9-layer large saloons with 1.80 million ㎡ respectively form into cross-shaped atrium, including roof day lighting and round umbrella roof. Atrium round umbrella roof is cable-membrane structure with diameter of 89m; 32 groups of V-shaped membrane form into suspension cable umbrella with diameter of 89m, the unilateral area of each piece of V-shaped membrane is about 370㎡, and the total area is 11840㎡. For the cross-shaped corridor, the combining roof between glass day lighting roof and membrane structure is supported by steel structure bearing, the entire covering area is 24,800 m2, and the membrane occupied 1/3.

This project is located in Guangdong province with abundant sunshine and hot climate; through the calculation, the single face of each V-shaped membrane is up to 900m2, the length is up to 57m; finally, American Saint-Gobain SF-I PTFE membrane is adopted. The deepening design and construction of the steel structure, membrane structure and glass day lighting roof in this project as well as the cable system hoisting, tension and other works are completed by Guangzhou Canobbio Asiatex Construction Technology Co., Ltd, and this project is completed in September, 2012.

PTFE Building Membrane Roof System Installation of Cable-membrane Structure in Foshan Home Furnishing Expo City

I. Project Overview

Foshan International Home Furnishing Expo City is located in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, which is the biggest international home furnishing saloon and hypermarket in Pearl River Delta at present. Four 9-layer large saloons with 1.80 million m² respectively form into cross-shaped atrium, including roof day lighting and round umbrella roof. Atrium round umbrella roof is cable-membrane structure with diameter of 89m; 32 groups of V-shaped membrane form into suspension cable umbrella with diameter of 89m, the unilateral area of each piece of V-shaped membrane is about 370㎡, and the total area is 11840㎡. For the cross-shaped corridor, the combining roof between glass day lighting roof and membrane structure is supported by steel structure bearing, the entire covering area is 24,800 m², and the membrane occupied 1/3. This project is located in Guangdong province with abundant sunshine and hot climate; through the calculation, the single face of each V-shaped membrane is up to 900m², the length is up to 57m; finally, American Saint-Gobain SF-I PTFE membrane is adopted.

Figure II-5-1 “Cross-shaped” Atrium Roof of Foshan International Home Furnishing Expo City

The deepening design and construction of the steel structure, membrane structure and glass day lighting roof in this project as well as the cable system hoisting, tension and other works are completed by Guangzhou Canobbio Asiatex Construction Technology Co., Ltd, and this project is completed in September, 2012.

II. Structural System

The atrium round umbrella roof of this project is radiation double-layer cable system, which is generally set with tension inner ring; one end of the anchor for the double-layer cable is attached to the inner ring, and the other end of anchor is attached to the compression outer ring around. The diameter of this structure is 88m and the rise of the roof is about 25m. The major structure is composed of truss torus, inner ring fly column and double cable system up and down, and the surface is wave form covering with membrane materials. The cross section of truss torus is an inverted triangle with width and height of 6m, the upper-layer cable system is divided into upper ridge cable and upper valley cable; there are 32 upper ridge cables, 32 upper valley cables and 32 for lower-layer cable system.

As the anchorage point of the lower oblique cable, the lower node of the fly column is steel casting; the whole fly column weights about 250t, and the uppermost 15m-diameter top cap is composed of day lighting glass.

Figure II-5-2 Axonometric Drawing of Atrium Radiation Double Cable System

Figure II-5-3 Fly Column Node

Figure II-5-4 Profile Map

III. Technical Measures

3.1 Analysis of key technology and difficult points

Pre-stressed suspension cable structure is adopted for this project, and the structural construction has the following features through analysis and judgment:

⑴ Before tension-shaping of the structure, the suspension cable structure has smaller rigidity and poorer stability, and measures guaranteeing the stable structure are required to be taken during the construction.

⑵ The distance between the structure and the ground is about 60m and there are constructed and existed structures around, thus, large slings and tools as well as all-round scaffolds are not applicable to the construction.

⑶ The central inner pull ring steel structure weights 92t, cast steel joint weights 25t, inhaul cable weights 133t and the total weight is 250t. It is top-heavy structure, when the lifting point is below the umbrella-shape structure, it is extremely easy for the upper pull ring to overturn, thus, reliable measures must be taken to prevent and correct.

⑷ All lifting points are getting together to one point and the synchronization precision must be controlled strictly to make sure of effectiveness and safety of lifting steel strand and top cap during hoisting.

⑸ Construction simulation analysis is required to be conducted on the whole process of the construction to make the safety of the structure at every moment.

⑹ The monitoring of the whole process is required to be conducted on the construction and comparison between the real-time monitoring data and computable data to make sure of safety during the hoisting process.

⑺ Various adverse factors and emergency situation must be considered as adverse working condition to conduct the calculation; carry out the force analysis according to the most unfavorable condition to select hoisting equipment, designed hoisting and tension machines.

3.2 Construction Scheme

3.2.1 Process Flow of On-site Construction

The overall construction sequence of Foshan (International) Home Furnishing Expo City Suspension Cable is: after the assembly and qualified inspection of outer ring steel structure and fly column, connect all pull rings with the fly column, then hoist the 16 upper ridge cables (avoid the position of prominent buildings) with lifting jack; when it is hoisted to the certain height, install the upper ridge and valley cable, then the lower cable 1 and 2; next, adjust the upper ridge and valley cables; finally, the tension lower cable is completed with formed structural tension. The installation of 192 side cables is conducted after the completion of the tension. See Figure II-5-5 for detailed installation process flow.

Figure II-5-5 Installation Process Flow

3.2.2 Cable system hoisting and installation

Step 1: After the outer ring steel structure and fly column are assembled and pass the inspection, conduct the pre-stress inhaul cable construction.

Figure II-5-6 Assembly Completion of Steel Structure

Step 2: Erection of operation platform

Figure II-5-7 Erection of Operation Platform

Step 3: Install the fixed end of ridge cable

Step 4: Install the fixed end of valley cable

Figure II-5-8 Install the Fixed End of Ridge Cable                      Figure II-5-9 Install the Fixed End of Valley Cable

Step 5: Install the fixed end of stable cable

Step 6: Install the fixed end of oblique cable

Figure II-5-10 Install the Fixed End of Stable Cable                   Figure II-5-11 Install the Fixed End of Oblique Cable

Step 7: Synchronous hoisting of 16 ridge cable and tooling cable

Figure II-5-12 Hoisting of Ridge Cable and Tooling Cable

Step 8: Hoist the fly column off the ground to 9m

Figure II-5-13 Hoist the Fly Column off the Ground to 9m

Step 9: Hoist the fly column off the ground to 14m

Figure II-5-14 Hoist the Fly Column off the Ground to 14m

Step 10: Install the adjusting end of the valley cable

Figure II-5-15 Install the Adjusting End of the Valley Cable

Step 11: Hoist the fly column off the ground to 22m and install the upper ridge cable

Figure II-5-16 Install the Upper Ridge Cable

Step 12: Transform the hoisting of the tooling to the oblique cable

Figure II-5-17 Transform the Hoisting of the Tooling to the Oblique Cable

Step 13: Loosen the adjusting sleeves of the ridge and valley cable

Step 14: Hoist the fly column to 28m

Figure II-5-18 Hoist the Fly Column to 28m

Step 15: Hoist the fly column off the ground to 34m

Figure II-5-19 Hoist the Fly Column to 34m

Step 16: Hoist the fly column to 40m

Figure II-5-20 Hoist the Fly Column to 40m

Step 17: Hoist the fly column to 46m and install the oblique cable

Figure II-5-21 Hoist the Fly Column to 46m

3.2.3 Tension scheme of structure

Step 1: Adjust ridge cable and valley cable

After the lifting installation is located, adjust the initial state of the structure; at first, pre-tighten the upper ridge cable and valley cable to make sure that the fly column is at the central position of the structure. Then, loosen the cable rope. The adjusting method of the upper cable: the central position of the fly column is changed through adjusting the length of the upper ridge cable and valley cable, the theoretical length of the upper ridge cable is 30,876 mm and that of upper valley cable is 36,130mm; adjustment is conducted according to the installation error of the on-site steel structure.

Figure II-5-22  Cable Force Analysis

Step 2: Oblique cable tension

Divide 32 oblique cables into 3 levels of tension, level 1 is to 30% of the design value, level 2 is to 70% and level 3 is to 100%.

In each level tension, divide 32 oblique cables into 8 batches of tension, i.e., 4 in each batch of tension.

Figure II-5-23  Oblique Cable Numbering

The tension sequence of level 1: 1→ 2→3→4→5→6→7→8

The tension sequence of level 2: 8→7→6→5→4→3→2→1

Midas, a large general software finite element analysis is adopted for tension position and the tensioning force of simulation analysis is as shown in Table II-5-1.

Step 3: After the tension is completed, conduct fine tuning on specific inhaul cable according to the data of construction monitoring.

Table II-5-1 Tensioning Position and Force

3.2.4 Analysis on lifting precision control

Since large lifting appliance and all-around scaffold cannot be adopted for construction, the construction process of inclined lifting radial cable is adopted. During lifting, the lifting of the lower cable is the most difficult to control; the structure barycenter is above the lifting point and there is no constrained point for the inner pull ring at the horizontal direction. It is potential that there may be lateral displacement at the structure. Therefore, selective analysis is required during the lifting of the lower cable.

1. Precision control of lifting the upper cable

During lifting the upper cable, there will be no structure instability since the lower anchor point of the upper cable is arranged at the circular ring (of which diameter is 15m) on the top of the inner pull ring; however, if there is a lifting point lifting too fast or too slow during the lifting, it will affect the lifting force of self-axis and adjacent axis, resulting in either rapid increase of lifting force or loose situation at a certain lifting point. Thus, it is required to conduct unfavorable condition analysis on each lifting state to determine the indicator of lifting precision control.

Table II-5-2  Cable Force Changes during Lifting the Upper Cable

From the table, it can been seen that in order to make sure that the cable force of single lifting point will not increase too much and make sure of safety during lifting, when lifting the upper cable and the internal pull ring is lifted 15m from the ground, it is required to control the lifting precision to 50mm; during the ground clearance of the internal pull ring is within 15~22.2m, the lifting precision is controlled to 50mm to make sure of sufficient safety coefficient for the lifting system.

2. Precision control during lifting the lower cable

During lifting the lower cable, although in which the upper cable has been installed with hinge pin, there will be no constraint formed to the top of the inner pull ring since the upper cable is under the loose state; therefore, it is very possible that the whole fly column may tumble laterally during lifting the lower cable. For this, cable rope is set at the top of the fly column as horizontal constraint. However, after the top elevation of the fly column exceeds the external pressure ring, it is required to loose the cable rope from time to time during the lifting in case that it is under too much stress. In addition, the lower anchor points of the lower cable are all at the same point, that is to say, during lifting the lower cable, it is exerting the lifting force on the same point. If the synchronous lifting cannot be achieved, there will be a certain lifting point of which lifting force increase quickly or the fly column cannot be lifted. Thus, analysis must be conducted on each lifting state and determine the reasonable lifting precision index under the premise of safe lifting structure.

3.2.5 Synchronous lifting control technology

Synchronous control program is adopted for this system and the computer is used to control the lifting tension of the oil pump and the jack, effectively controlling the cylinder stroke of the jack. Upper and lower limiting stoppers and staying sensor are set on the jack respectively, allowing the displacement of each lifting point controlled. To avoid cumulative error during lifting, make a marker on the lifting steel strand every 50cm in advance; in this way, the marker error of the steel strand can be checked at any time, and correct each steel strand by using computer operating system. At the same time, the principle of double control with force and displacement is adopted, 6 control cabinets are controlled by one computer controlling platform, each control cabinet controls the solenoid valves of 2 or 4 oil pumps, and it is controlled by the computer whether the solenoid valve provides oil with jack or not. Staying sensor is set on the jack, transmitting the displacement data to the computer timely, and the computer is used to control the synchronism and total cylinder quantity between jacks. The oil pressure signal is transmitted to the computer timely through the oil pressure sensor set on the jack; set safety oil pressure in the program, and when the actual oil pressure reaches the safety oil pressure, the program will command the solenoid valve not to offer oil to make sure that the pressure of the jack will not exceed a certain limiting value.

3.2.6 Construction process and monitoring technology

Lifting process is divided into upper cable lifting and lower cable lifting, and there will be no structure instability in upper cable lifting, therefore, it mainly control the precision of the synchronous lifting. During the lower cable lifting, it considers about not only the tumble possibly occurred in the structure, but also the synchronous controlling precision of the lifting.

1. Upper cable lifting

Limited by the on-site construction environment, there are high-level existing buildings around the internal pull ring, therefore, only 16 inhaul cables can be lifted by 32 axes at the same time, and it is controlled in accordance with given requirements for synchronous precision.

2. Lower cable lifting

After the upper cable is positioned, transfer the lifting jack and lifting tooling to the corresponding position to lift the lower cable. At this time, the upper cable is always under the loose state; therefore, 4 cable ropes are arranged at the upper end of the fly column as the horizontal constraint of the fly column; the other end of the cable rope is fixed at the external ring beam, when the upper end of the fly column is lower than the external ring beam (i.e., the ground clearance of the fly column is 33m), the cable rope will be tightened uninterruptedly along with the lifting of the lower cable, and the tension of the cable rope will not increase during the lifting.

a Fly column is just off the ground b Fly column is 9m from the ground

c Fly column is 14m from the ground d Fly column is 22m from the ground and the upper cable is positioned

Figure II-5-24 Upper Cable Lifting

a Lifting tooling of the lower cable                              b Fly column is 28m from the ground

c Fly column is 33m from the ground d Fly column is 46m from the ground and the lower cable is positioned

Figure II-5-25 Lower Cable Lifting

However, after the top elevation of the fly column exceeds the external ring beam, the internal force of the cable rope will increase with the lifting of the lower cable, which causes adverse effects on the safety of the cable rope; therefore, it is required to stop the lifting at certain height of the lifting according to calculation, loosen the cable rope and then conduct the lifting, so repeatedly until the lower cable lifting is positioned.

3. Construction process monitoring

It is required to conduct on-site construction monitoring on the structure, guide the safe and précised implementation of the construction process and accumulate the data information of the pre-stressed engineering construction to make sure of the safety of the whole construction process in the project and investigate the change rule of the deformation and internal force of the structure during the construction. The main monitoring objects are the cable force of the lifting cable and the lateral deformation of the fly column during the lifting, therefore, there are 2 sets of total station arranged at the perpendicular direction of the structure to offer the whole-process construction monitoring during lifting, making sure that the skewness of the fly column is controlled within 5° during the whole construction process. Figure II-5-26 is the results comparison between cable force monitoring of inhaul cable at typical position and simulation analysis by adopting Midas, large general finite element analysis software. Through the cable force monitoring, it is found that during the lifting, the measured value of cable force for inhaul cable is a little bit higher than the calculated value while the large deflection rate is within 5%, which shows that the simulation analysis method during lifting is reliable and may be used to guide the on-site construction.

Figure II-5-26  Cable Force Monitoring of Inhaul Cable During Lifting the Upper Cable

3.3 Construction of membrane structure

Safe and fast safety net is adopted for the installation of membrane in this project, which saves the costs of scaffolds largely.

Figure II-5-27  Construction Personnel are Installing Membrane on the Construction Net

Hoist the membrane to the position to be installed and stretch the membrane along the direction of the installation according to the drawing to make sure of correct installation direction of the membrane.

The top membrane side is connected with the top ring; fixture is installed at the hard pressure side of the membrane; tighten the membrane to the installation position with chain hoist; drill at the surface of the membrane with electric portable drill after alignment; install the aluminum platen and tighten the pull rod.

Figure II-5-28 Top Membrane Installation

Adjust the length of the ridge cable and valley cable to comply with the drawings, making the whole system under stress; after this step is completed, the whole membrane surface shall be smooth without wrinkle, simultaneously, and the flange at four angels may be adjusted to achieve the requirement of smooth for membrane surface.

I. Economic and Technical Indexes

The following advanced technologies have been adopted in this project construction:

⑴ Computer synchronous control program is adopted for the control of 16 sets of lifting equipment to lift the same point of the structure;

⑵ The lifting point is set at the lower point of the structure, lifting the structure through setting pre-bias for the structure combining with the ring rotation lifting method to make sure of stability of the fly column during the lifting;

⑶ Safe and fast safety net is adopted for the installation of membrane structure, which saves the costs of scaffolds largely.

II. Project Photos

Figure II-5-29 Panorama of Round Umbrella Roofing for Atrium

Figure II-5-30 Interior Scene

Figure II-5-30 Partial Interior Scene

Construction Plan of Atrium PTFE Membrane for Foshan Home Furnishing Expo Mall